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The bacteria that chlamydia transmission, the world's most common sexually transmitted disease, seems to be sneakier than once thought, as a new study suggests it frequently exchanges DNA between different strains to form entirely new strains.
Chlaymydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, and though its symptoms are often mild, the sexually transmitted disease can cause infertility in women and a discharge from the penis of an infected man. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STD in the world, including in the U.S. where more than 1.3 million cases were reported in 2010. About 100 million cases of Chlamydia are reported each year across the globe.
Scientists know there are two groups of Chlamydia strains, one that seems to infect the eyes and urinary-genital areas, and another set known to spread through the lymphatic system, which is important to the body's immune system. Currently, an epidemic of the lymphatic types is progressing in Europe and North America, particularly in men who have sex with men, the researchers note online today (March 11) in the journal Nature Genetics.
However, little is known about how these different strains evolve and emerge.
"Scientists recently discovered that if two Chlamydia strains co-infect the same person at the same time, they can swap DNA by a process called recombination," lead researcher Dr. Simon Harris, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said in a statement.
To find out how widespread this swapping is, Harris and colleagues compared the genome sequences of 53 strains of C. trachomatis, which were isolated from epidemics that occurred between 1959 and 2009; the strains were meant to represent the diversity of Chlamydia seen in clinical settings. Results showed that even when the Chlamydia strains had infected different parts of the body, they could still swap DNA with each other, leading to new strains. [Quiz: Test Your STD Smarts]
Recombination "was originally thought only to affect a few 'hotspots' within the genome," Harris said. "We were very surprised to find recombination is far more widespread than previously thought."
The results have implications for how the STD is diagnosed. Currently, doctors use a test that returns a positive or negative for Chlamydia infections, without any information on the particular strain. That means doctors can't tell, say, if a person who tests positive again after being treated with antibiotics has picked up a second strain of Chlamydia or if their treatment has failed.
While antibiotic-resistant Chlamydia has not been seen in patients, it does occur in the lab. If it did occur in the general population, current tests would not detect it.
"Until now a person treated with antibiotics with a reoccurring infection of C. trachomatis was assumed to have been re-infected," study researcher Dr. Nicholas Thomson, also of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said in a statement. "The current gaps in our understanding of the population makeup of Chlamydia limit our ability to implement health policies, because we do not fully understand how Chlamydia spreads within our population."
The scientists are now working with hospitals to bring technologies for whole-genome sequencing into clinical settings.
EA Sports announced Team of the Week 40 on Wednesday( the picture above)
New York City FC's David Villa heads Team of the Week 40 having hit an 87 rating with his latest in-form card in buy fifa coins. David Villa, took his MLS tally for the 2017 season to 10 and netted twice in City's 2-1 defeat of Seattle Sounders on Saturday. His dribbling and shooting stats have rightly been boosted and are both now up in the 90s.
Major League Soccer stars dominate the lineup, which also includes Los Angeles Galaxy's Romain Alessandrini, Andres Imperiale of San Jose Earthquakes, Montreal Impact's Ignacio Piatti and Bradley Wright-Phillips of New York Red Bulls.
Macnelly Torres of Atletico Nacional has been awarded a hero card after helping his side win the Apertura of the Liga Aguila following their 5-1 victory over Deportivo Cali.
Hero card: Macnelly Torres, Atletico Nacional
All Torres' base stats have been given a boost on his hero card and, most significantly, he is up into the more-than-respectable 80 bracket for dribbling and passing.
Boasting 72 for shooting also, the 32-year-old's latest card is suitably impressive and should be useful for a number of sides, though potentially not if pace is required—Torres is only 58 for pace.
Atletico Nacional were 2-0 down after the first leg of their final clash with Deportivo Cali, but in Sunday's second leg, Torres began the comeback by netting after just seven minutes.
He then set up Andres Ibarguen to make it 3-1 just before the break, and two second-half goals from Nacional saw them eventually ease to a 16th league title cheap fut coins .
WHAT CONSOLES WILL IT BE RELEASED ON?
It's confirmed that FIFA 18 will be available to buy on Xbox 360 and PS3 as well as Xbox One, PS4, PC and the new Nintendo Switch.
The reason why some doubt EA would bother with the older consoles this year is because the new Frostbite engine is too powerful for them to run, resulting in watered down versions of the game missing some key features such as The Journey.
Once again, the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions will not match up to their PS4 and Xbox One counterparts and will not include The Journey, however, they will exist at least.
WHO WILL BE ON THE COVER OF cheap fifa coins?
Ronaldo has been announced as the 'global' cover star, meaning there is a possibility a vote will still happen in each region to pick a second, more local athlete. The only other player you're likely to see on the cover is Ronaldo Nazario, who appears to have bagged the front of the Icon Edition .
WILL FIFA 18 FEATURE VIRTUAL REALITY?
fifa ultimate team coins Anything you read on this front is purely speculation at the moment, with EA giving no indication VR will be a part of FIFA 18 despite the early success of the headsets as they hit the market and begin to influence gaming.
fifa coins will be available on PS4 Pro alongside rival footy title PES 2018, however, fans will have to wait a bit longer to hear what Konami have planned for the Xbox One X.
Other updated specs for FIFA 18 on Xbox One X have yet to be revealed but it’s likely the game will also benefit from faster load times, due to the more powerful hardware.
It has now been revealed that it will have a patch released for the PS4 Pro when it comes to PES 2018
The news was revealed by Konami global products manager Adam Bhatti at E3 2017, who told Gamingbolt that the PES team were aiming for 4K support. “Right now we’re committing to 4K for PS4 Pro,” Bhatti explained.
“Any of the other features we are not ready to announce right now, we are still testing but we are guaranteed to launch with 4K.”
When he mentioned the Xbox One X, there was less news to announce, although it seems like there will be more to reveal nearer to the console’s launch in November.
“We haven’t made any announcements about Xbox One X. They [Microsoft] made a really cool announcement about X,” he added.
“But it something that as we get closer to Xbox One X launch will be able to talk about it a little bit more. But right now we can’t really say anything.”
Both fifa coins online and PES 2018 are set to have beta runs later this year, with Pro Evo kicking off a multiplayer test in July.
The PES 2018 beta test starts at 8:00am on Thursday, July 20, running until 3:00am on Monday, July 31, and will include modes Quickmatch and Online CO-OP.
Gamers can find many new traits that have been disclosed specifically for the particular game modes. While considering the gameplay, EA Sports are dealing with FIFA 18 as the highest step in the history of franchise because of the introduction of Real Player Motion Technology. It comes out as a new animation method that releases the next level of responsiveness and personality of player. As FIFA 18 starts knocking at the doors of avid gamers around the world, the professional and dependable online gaming house begins to introduce buy fifa coins for the gamers that like to seize the upper hand in the early hours of gameplay in FIFA 18.
Gamers can find new movement and finishing animations that are known as the making of striking and heading the ball with fluidity. EA is also directing all-new crossing controls to permit the players to have greater accuracy upon the balls into the box. There are to be the shape crosses differently. The feeling of individual stars has often been a wider concentration for FIFA. This year, they are also enhancing their effort upon a level of team. The appending of Team Styles is sketched to introduce the sides with an identifiable fashion of play to life upon the FIFA 18 pitches.
Gamers can also find the addition of stadiums and match-day ambiance. EA is applying their Frostbite engine to make a more cinematic experience built around the little details including the sun position, on-pitch debris along with quality of pitch. Buy fifa 18 coins online when FIFA 18 becomes live.
introducing The Journey in FIFA 18 or not
Yes, it is to be. Just after a successful debut, The Journey is back for another year. Then, it is Alex Hunter. EA launched the first trailer for the second version of the newest mode of game on 10 June and there was a star-studded affair while characterizing a good number of players, coaches, and pundits. These are speculating, as there is the future of Hunter. Based on the video, it looks like there is the expectation to plan whether Hunter must agree for a transfer ahead of his sophomore season or not. A glimpse of a meeting with Cristiano Ronaldo takes place.
introduction of new leagues in FIFA 18
Gamer can find bad news for those that hope to play in the Chinese Super Leagie on FIFA 18. It is to be incorporated in the game other than its influx of star names over the past couple of years and rumors to the contrary.
the newest summer transfer rumors
It is to wait to see when new leagues are to be appended formally. However, the reports of Kicker indicate that the 3.Liga in German third division is to be appended this year. It is making the similarity of Hansa Rostock and Karlsruher become playable.
releasing of FIFA 18 demo
FIFA 17 demo was launched around two weeks prior to the entire game appeared. Hence, gamer can expect to be having the first taste of FIFA 18 as it is sometimes in the early to mid-September. To have the handmade fut coins along with the latest news on FIFA 18, gamers can keep visiting the nearest online gaming house often.